Method of making a zonal compression shoe

ABSTRACT

A method of making a shoe includes printing a midsole having a platform and a lattice structure. The platform and lattice structure are integrally formed by printing a first surface of the platform to conform to a sole of a foot of a user and, in association therewith, printing the lattice structure on a second surface of the platform opposite the first surface of the platform. The method also includes positioning the midsole substantially within an outsole such that the lattice structure is substantially facing the outsole and the platform is substantially facing an upper.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/829,624, filed Mar. 14, 2013, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to shoes and specifically to support arrangements for shoe soles, and methods of making the same.

BACKGROUND

FIG. 1 shows a shoe 10 to be worn on a foot of a user with a portion of the shoe 10 cut away so that the inside of the shoe 10 is partially visible. The shoe 10 includes an upper 14 and a sole 18 coupled to the upper 14. The upper 14 covers the top and sides of the user's foot, and the sole 18 covers the bottom of the user's foot and makes contact with the ground. The sole 18 typically includes an insole 22, a midsole 26, and an outsole 30 which cushion and protect the user's foot while the user makes contact with the ground. The insole 22 contacts the user's foot, the outsole 30 contacts the ground, and the midsole 26 is arranged between the insole 22 and the outsole 30. The insole 22 generally provides a comfortable surface for contact with the user's foot and is typically essentially comprised of a thin layer of a man-made material such as, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate. The midsole 26 generally provides most of the cushioning and shock absorption for the foot of the user and is typically essentially comprised of a polymer such as, for example, polyurethane, surrounding another material such as, for example, a foam, a gel, or capsules filled with air. The outsole 30 generally provides a durable surface which can sustain repeated impact and friction with the ground and is typically essentially comprised of a rubber such as, for example, carbon rubber or blown rubber.

The sole 18 includes a heel end 34 arranged where a user's heel is positioned when wearing the shoe 10 and a toe end 38 arranged opposite the heel end 34 where the user's toes are positioned when wearing the shoe 10. The sole 18 also includes a medial side 42 arranged closest to the user's center of symmetry when wearing the shoe 10 and a lateral side 46 arranged opposite the medial side 42 farther from the user's center of symmetry when wearing the shoe 10.

Turning now to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, schematic drawings of a user's foot 50 are shown including a heel 54, toes 56, an arch 58, a medial side 60, and a lateral side 62. FIG. 2 depicts a perspective lateral side view of the bone structure of the foot 50, and FIG. 3 depicts a bottom view of the foot 50 including a plurality of regions located relative to the heel 54, toes 56, arch 58, medial side 60, and lateral side 62. A calcaneus region 66 (shown in FIG. 3) on the bottom of the foot 50 is located substantially beneath a calcaneus bone 68 (shown in FIG. 2) of the user, near the heel 54. A talus region 70 (shown in FIG. 3) on the bottom of the foot 50 is located substantially beneath a talus bone 72 (shown in FIG. 2) of the user, between the heel 54 and the arch 58. A longitudinal arch region 74 (shown in FIG. 3) on the bottom of the foot 50 is located substantially beneath a navicular bone 76, a cuboid bone 78 and cuneiform bones 80 (shown in FIG. 2) of the user, near the arch 58. A metatarsal region 82 (shown in FIG. 3) on the bottom of the foot 50 is located substantially beneath metatarsal bones 84 (shown in FIG. 2) of the user, between the arch 58 and the toes 56. A ball of the foot region 86 (shown in FIG. 3) on the bottom of the foot 50 is located substantially beneath the metatarsal-phalangeal joints 88 and sesamoids 90 (shown in FIG. 2) of the user, between the arch 58 and the toes 56 and closer to the medial side 60 than the lateral side 62. A toe region 92 (shown in FIG. 3) on the bottom of the foot 50 is located substantially beneath phalangeal bones 94 (shown in FIG. 2) of the user, near the toes 56.

When propelling himself on his feet, the user applies different amounts of pressure at different times to the various bones in each foot 50 during what is known as a gait cycle. For example, during a typical walking motion, the gait cycle begins when the user first contacts the ground with the heel 54 of his foot 50, thereby applying pressure to the calcaneus bone 68. As the user shifts his weight forward on his foot 50, he applies less pressure to the calcaneus bone 68 and begins to apply pressure to the talus bone 72, the navicular bone 76, the cuboid bone 78, and the cuneiform bones 80. As the user begins to propel himself off his foot 50, he applies less pressure to the talus bone 72, the navicular bone 76, the cuboid bone 78, and the cuneiform bones 80 and begins to apply pressure to the metatarsal bones 84. As the user propels himself forward, he applies pressure along the metatarsal bones 84 and to the metatarsal-phalangeal joints 88 and sesamoids 90. Finally, as the user begins to toe off and end contact with the ground, he applies less pressure to the metatarsal-phalangeal joints 88 and sesamoids 90 and applies pressure to the phalangeal bones 94. Finally, to toe off, the user applies pressure to the phalangeal bones 94 to propel forward. The user then lifts his foot 50 into a leg swing, and places it down in a location forward relative to where he lifted it. When the user places his foot 50 down again, he first contacts the ground with the heel 54, beginning a new cycle of the walking motion.

Many styles of forward propulsion, including many styles of walking and running, apply a gait cycle substantially similar to that described above. In some styles of forward propulsion, such as, for example, sprinting or shuffling, different amounts of pressure are applied to different portions of the foot 50 for different amounts of time. Additionally, the particular amounts of pressure applied to different portions of the foot 50 can vary from one individual to another. For example, some individuals apply more pressure to the medial side 60 than the lateral side 62 as they progress through the gait cycle. This particular application of pressure is known as pronation. In contrast, some individuals apply more pressure to the lateral side 62 than the medial side 60 as they progress through the gait cycle. This particular application of pressure is known as supination. Additionally, some individuals apply more pressure to their heels 54 when contacting the ground and some contact the ground with a portion of their feet nearer to the arch 58.

Shoes are designed to support and protect the feet of users during gait cycles to provide comfort and to promote efficient propulsion. However, due to differences between individuals in both foot anatomy and personal gait cycle style, some shoes are more comfortable and useful for some users than others. Additionally, producing a shoe configured to meet the variety of needs during all stages of the gait cycle can include producing a large number of different specialized parts which must be assembled into the shoe. Production and assembly of parts are contributing factors to the cost of the shoe. In general, a shoe having a larger number of parts is more expensive to produce than a shoe having a smaller number of parts. In view of the foregoing, it would be advantageous to provide a shoe that is comfortable and useful for a user and that is inexpensive to produce. It would also be advantageous to provide a shoe with a support arrangement that can be easily customized to meet the unique needs of various foot anatomies and individual gait styles.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method of making a shoe including an upper and a sole coupled to the upper. The method includes printing the sole and then coupling the printed sole to the upper. The sole includes a platform having a toe end, a heel end, a medial portion, and a lateral portion. The platform has a first surface which faces a sole of a foot of a wearer and a second surface opposite the first surface. The sole also includes a lattice extending from the second surface of the platform. The lattice includes a plurality of laths and each lath has a longitudinal structure with a longitudinal axis and two ends. The laths are positioned in at least a first region and a second region. Each lath in the first region has a girth that is substantially different from a girth of each lath in the second region.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method of making a midsole for a shoe using a 3D printing process. The method includes printing a platform as well as printing a lattice in order to form the midsole. The platform has a toe end, a heel end, an arch side, and an outward side. The platform has a first surface configured to face a sole of a foot of a wearer and a second surface opposite the first surface. The lattice is integrally formed with the second surface of the platform. The lattice includes a plurality of regions arranged relative to the toe end, the heel end, the arch side, and the outward side. The regions include at least a first region and a second region. The lattice also includes a plurality of laths. Each lath has a longitudinal structure with a longitudinal axis and two ends. Each lath also has a girth centered about its longitudinal axis. The laths are arranged in the regions such that a first portion of laths is arranged within the first region and a second plurality of laths is arranged within the second region. Each lath in the first region has a first girth that is substantially different from a second girth of each lath in the second region.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method of making a shoe. The method includes printing a midsole having a platform and a lattice structure integrally formed with the platform by printing a first surface of the platform to conform to a sole of a foot of a user and printing the lattice structure on a second surface of the platform opposite the first surface of the platform. The method also includes positioning the midsole substantially within an outsole such that the lattice structure is substantially facing the outsole and the platform is substantially facing an upper.

The above described features and advantages, as well as others, will become more readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings. While it would be desirable to provide a shoe or a midsole or a method of making a shoe that provides one or more of the advantageous features, the teachings disclosed herein extend to those embodiments which fall within the scope of the appended claims, regardless of whether they accomplish one or more of the above-mentioned advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a shoe as is generally known in the prior art.

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of a medial side view of a bone structure of a foot.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of a bottom view of a foot.

FIG. 4 is a bottom perspective view of a midsole including a platform and a lattice structure.

FIG. 5 is a top view of the midsole of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of a lath of the lattice structure of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of a cell unit of the lattice structure of FIG. 4.

FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the midsole of FIG. 4.

FIG. 9A is a schematic drawing of a first portion of the lattice of FIG. 4 with partial or incomplete laths or vertices;

FIG. 9B is a schematic drawing of a second portion of the lattice of FIG. 4 with partial or incomplete laths or vertices;

FIG. 9C is a schematic drawing of a third portion of the lattice of FIG. 4 with partial or incomplete laths or vertices.

FIG. 10 is a bottom view of the midsole of FIG. 4 positioned within an outsole.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart depicting a process for forming the midsole of FIG. 4.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart depicting another process for forming the midsole of FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As shown in FIG. 4, a midsole 100 includes a platform 104 and a lattice structure or lattice 108. The platform 104 includes a first surface 112 and a second surface 116 opposite the first surface 112. The first surface 112 is configured to be oriented toward a bottom of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) of a user when the user is wearing a shoe, such as, for example, the shoe 10 shown in FIG. 1, including the midsole 100. The second surface 116 is configured to be oriented away from the bottom of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) of the user when the user is wearing a shoe, such as, for example, the shoe 10 shown in FIG. 1, including the midsole 100. The lattice 108 is integrally formed with the second surface 116 of the platform 104 and covers substantially all of the second surface 116 of the platform 104. As used herein, the phrase “integrally formed with” is intended to mean formed together of the same material so as to be inseparable parts of a whole. The platform 104 and lattice 108 are essentially comprised of, for example, a polymer such as, for example, nylon.

With reference to FIG. 5, the platform 104 also includes contours 118 formed on the first surface 112 and configured to match contours of a surface of the bottom of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) of the user. The contours 118 are substantially shaped as topographic ridges formed as discreet and distinct raised levels from the first surface 112 of the platform 104. By matching the contours 118 of the surface of the bottom of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) of the user, the platform 104 is configured to receive the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) in a manner that feels natural to the user and that provides enhanced support and comfort to the user.

The platform 104 also includes a heel end or heel portion 120, a toe end or toe portion 124, an arch side or medial portion 128, and an outward side or lateral portion 132. The platform 104 is configured such that when the midsole 100 is included in a shoe, such as, for example, the shoe 10 shown in FIG. 1, the heel portion 120 is positioned substantially above the heel end 34 of the sole 18 (shown in FIG. 1), the toe portion 124 is positioned substantially above the toe end 38 of the sole 18 (shown in FIG. 1), the medial portion 128 is positioned substantially above the medial side 42 of the sole 18 (shown in FIG. 1), and the lateral portion 132 is positioned substantially above the lateral side 46 of the sole 18 (shown in FIG. 1). Accordingly, when a user is wearing the shoe including the midsole 100, the heel portion 120 is arranged to support the heel 54 of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3), the toe portion 124 is arranged to support the toes 56 of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3), the medial portion 128 is arranged to support the medial side 60 of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3), and the lateral portion 132 is arranged to support the lateral side 62 of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3).

Returning now to FIG. 4, the lattice 108 extends generally outwardly from the second surface 116 of the platform 104. The lattice 108 includes a plurality of laths 136. For clarity, FIG. 6 shows a schematic drawing of one lath 136 of the plurality of laths 136. The lath 136 has a substantially longitudinal structure including a longitudinal axis 140, a first end 144, and a second end 148. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 6, the lath 136 is substantially cylindrical in shape. The lath 136 also has a length 150 and a girth 152 that is centered about the longitudinal axis 140 and extends substantially uniformly from the first end 144 to the second end 148. The girth 152 is a measure of circumference of the lath 136. Because the lath is substantially cylindrically shaped, the girth 152 can be calculated with the radius R measured from the longitudinal axis 140 to the edge of the lath 136 in a direction perpendicular to the lath 136. The girth 152 of the lath is equal to 2×π×R. In at least one exemplary embodiment, the length 150 of the lath 136 is approximately 9 millimeters.

With continued reference to FIG. 4, the lattice 108 also includes a plurality of cell units 156. For clarity, FIG. 7 shows a schematic drawing of eight views of one cell unit 156 of the plurality of cell units 156. The cell unit 156 is substantially shaped as an octahedron and is defined by eight faces 160A-160H, six vertices 164A-164F, and eight laths 136A-136H. Each of the faces 160A-160H is substantially shaped as an equilateral triangle. An octahedron has a volume determined by the length of each side. Accordingly, the volume of the cell unit 156 is determined by the length 150 of each lath. In at least one exemplary embodiment, each lath 136A-136H has a length of approximately 9 millimeters such that the cell unit 156 has a volume of approximately 0.34 centimeters cubed. So that the volume of the cell unit 156 is not altered by the girth 152 (shown in FIG. 6) of each lath 136A-136H, the volume of the cell unit 156 is measured within the boundary defined by the longitudinal axis 140 (shown in FIG. 6) of each lath 136A-136H.

With continued reference to FIG. 7, each of the six vertices 164A-164F is formed by the intersection or joining together of the first end 144 or the second end 148 (shown in FIG. 6) of at least two of the laths 136A-136H. More specifically, vertex 164A is formed by the intersection of an end of four laths: 136A, 136B, 136C and 136D. Vertex 164B is formed by the intersection of an end of two laths: 136A and 136E. Vertex 164C is formed by the intersection of an end of two laths: 136B and 136F. Vertex 164D is formed by the intersection of an end of two laths: 136C and 136G. Vertex 164E is formed by the intersection of an end of two laths: 136D and 136H. Finally, vertex 164F is formed by the intersection of an end of four laths: 136E, 136F, 136G and 136H.

Each of the faces 160A-160H is defined by an area, bound by two laths of the laths 136A-136H, within a plane defined by three adjacent vertices of the vertices 164A-164F. More specifically, the face 160A is an area, bound by laths 136C and 136D, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164A, 164D and 164E. The face 160B is an area, bound by laths 136A and 136C, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164A, 164B and 164D. The face 160C is an area, bound by laths 136A and 136B, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164A, 164B and 164C. The face 160D is an area, bound by laths 136B and 136D, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164A, 164C and 164E. The face 160E is an area, bound by laths 136G and 136H, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164D, 164E and 164F. The face 160F is an area, bound by laths 136E and 136G, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164B, 164D and 164F. The face 160G is an area, bound by laths 136E and 136F, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164B, 164C and 164F. Finally, the face 160H is an area, bound by laths 136F and 136H, within the plane defined by adjacent vertices 164C, 164E and 164F.

Returning to FIG. 4, the lattice 108 includes a plurality of cell units 156 arranged adjacent to one another and integrally formed with one another to construct the lattice 108 as a single unitary part. The lattice 108 forms a uniform three-dimensional pattern, and adjacent cell units 156 share laths 136 and/or vertices 164 (shown in FIG. 7) such that a single lath 136 can be shared by as many as two adjacent cell units 156, and a single vertex 164 (shown in FIG. 7) can be shared by as many as six adjacent cell units 156. Because each cell unit 156 in the pattern is substantially similar, each uniform cell unit 156 in the pattern has a substantially uniform volume.

The lattice 108 extends with a height H from the second surface 116 of the platform 104. The height H of the lattice 108 varies along the platform 104 from the heel portion 120 to the toe portion 124 and from the medial portion 128 to the lateral portion 132. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the height H₁ is different than the height H₂.

As shown in FIG. 8, the platform 104 is shaped to substantially match the shape of the bottom of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3). Accordingly, the platform 104 has an irregular perimeter 172. Because the lattice 108 is integrally formed with and covers substantially the entirety of the second surface 116 of the platform 104, the lattice 108 is truncated in all directions. In other words, the pattern of the lattice 108 does not extend infinitely in all three dimensions, but is limited by the height H (shown in FIG. 4) and the perimeter 172 and is truncated where it is limited by the height H (shown in FIG. 4) and the perimeter 172. Accordingly, a portion of the plurality of laths 136 (shown in FIG. 6), a portion of the plurality of vertices 164 (shown in FIG. 7), and a portion of the plurality of cell units 156 (shown in FIG. 7) in the lattice 108 are incompletely formed.

For clarity, FIGS. 9A-9C depict schematic drawings of a number of incompletely formed parts of the lattice 108. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 9B, by virtue of their position relative to the height H and abutting the perimeter 172 (shown in FIG. 8), partial or incomplete laths 176 have a length L that is shorter than the length 150 of the fully formed laths 136. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 9C, partial or incomplete vertices 180 are formed by the intersection of fewer laths 136 than the four laths 136 which intersect at fully formed vertices 164 (shown in FIG. 7). Similarly, partial or incomplete cell units 184 have fewer than eight laths 136 and/or fewer than six vertices 164. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 9A, at least some incomplete cell units 184 are formed of incomplete laths 176 and/or incomplete vertices 180. The incomplete laths 176, incomplete vertices 180, and incomplete cell units 184 are non-uniform with one another but are different as they are positioned in different locations on the lattice 108 truncated by the perimeter 172 (shown in FIG. 8) and the height H (shown in FIG. 4). Each incomplete cell unit 184 is defined by at least one vertex 164 or incomplete vertex 180 and at least two laths 136 or incomplete laths 176. Accordingly, each incomplete cell unit 184 is defined by at least two partial or incomplete faces 188 defined by an area within a plane formed by at least one vertex 164 or incomplete vertex 180 and bound by at least a portion of two laths 136 or incomplete laths 176.

Returning now to FIG. 8, the lattice 108 includes a plurality of regions or zones formed along the midsole 100 and positioned relative to the heel portion 120, the toe portion 124, the medial portion 128, and the lateral portion 132. Specifically, the lattice 108 includes a perimeter zone 200, a calcaneus zone 204, a talus zone 208, a longitudinal arch zone 212, a metatarsal zone 216, a ball of the foot zone 220, and a toe zone 224. Each zone includes complete cell units 156 (shown in FIG. 7) and incomplete cell units 184 (shown in FIGS. 9A-C), complete laths 136 (shown in FIG. 6) and incomplete laths 176 (shown in FIGS. 9A-C), and complete vertices 164 (shown in FIG. 7) and incomplete vertices 180 (shown in FIGS. 9A-C) that are located within that zone of the lattice 108. In other words, the term cell unit can be used to refer to a complete cell unit and an incomplete cell unit, the term lath can be used to refer to a complete lath and an incomplete lath, the term vertex can be used to refer to a complete vertex and an incomplete vertex, and the term face can be used to refer to a complete face and an incomplete face.

The perimeter zone 200 is arranged substantially along the perimeter 172 of the platform 104 and generally extends approximately 1-20 millimeters inwardly from the perimeter 172. The calcaneus zone 204 is arranged substantially at the heel portion 120 of the platform 104 and is substantially centered between the medial portion 128 and the lateral portion 132. The talus zone 208 is arranged nearer to the toe portion 124 of the platform 104 than the calcaneus zone 204 and is substantially centered between the medial portion 128 and the lateral portion 132. The longitudinal arch zone 212 is arranged nearer to the toe portion 124 of the platform 104 than the talus zone 208 and is substantially spread across the medial portion 128 and the lateral portion 132. The metatarsal zone 216 is arranged nearer to the toe portion 124 of the platform 104 than the longitudinal arch zone 212 and is substantially spread across the medial portion 128 and the lateral portion 132. The ball of the foot zone 220 is arranged nearer to the toe portion 124 of the platform 104 than the metatarsal zone 216 and is arranged nearer to the medial portion 128 than the lateral portion 132. The toe zone 224 is arranged nearer to the toe portion 124 of the platform 104 than the ball of the foot zone 220 and is substantially spread across the medial portion 128 and the lateral portion 132.

The lattice 108 further includes transition areas 228 arranged around and between the other zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224. The transition areas 228 include cell units 156 and incomplete cell units 184, laths 136 and incomplete laths 176, and vertices 164 and incomplete vertices 180 that are not located within any other of the other zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 of the lattice 108.

The zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 are arranged on the lattice 108 such that when the midsole 100 is included in a shoe, like the shoe 10 shown in FIG. 1, a user's foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) aligns with the midsole 100 and the various zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 align to support the various regions of the user's foot 50. More specifically, when a user wears the shoe 10 including the midsole 100, the bottom of the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) is generally aligned within the perimeter zone 200, the calcaneus region 66 (shown in FIG. 3) generally aligns with the calcaneus zone 204, the talus region 70 (shown in FIG. 3) generally aligns with the talus zone 208, the longitudinal arch region 74 (shown in FIG. 3) generally aligns with the longitudinal arch zone 212, the metatarsal region 82 (shown in FIG. 3) generally aligns with the metatarsal zone 216, the ball of the foot region 86 (shown in FIG. 3) generally aligns with the ball of the foot zone 220, and the toe region 92 (shown in FIG. 3) generally aligns with the toe zone 224.

Because the user's foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) varies in shape and structure and bears different amounts of pressure in different regions during different stages of a gait cycle, to provide support and comfort to the user throughout the gait cycle, the zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 of the lattice 108 also vary in shape and structure. Additionally, the height H (shown in FIG. 4) of the lattice 108 and/or the girths 152 (shown in FIG. 6) of the laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 differ between the different zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 of the lattice 108. The height H (shown in FIG. 4) is expressible as a typical scale measurement (i.e., 4 millimeters) and is also expressible as the number of cell units 156 (shown in FIG. 7) stacked on top of one another. By way of example, laths 136 (shown in FIG. 6) and incomplete laths 176 (shown in FIGS. 9A-C) located within the longitudinal arch zone 212 have girths 152 (shown in FIG. 6) that differ from the girths 152 of laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 located within the ball of the foot zone 220. The heights H (shown in FIG. 4) and girths 152 (shown in FIG. 6) of laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 within the transition area 228 are gradations between adjacent zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 to form smooth transitions of heights H (shown in FIG. 4) of the lattice 108 and girths 152 (shown in FIG. 6) of the laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 between the zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224.

Higher heights H provide more material in the lattice 108 extending from the second surface 116 of the platform 104 which can be compressed by the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) as the user applies pressure during the gait cycle. Conversely, lower heights H provide less padding and position the foot 50 closer to the ground. A gradual decrease in the height H of the lattice 108 from the heel portion 120 to the toe portion 124 of the platform 104 promotes natural rolling from the heel 54 to the toes 56 of the foot 50 during gait. Thicker girths 152 provide stiffer material in the lattice 108 which is less compressible and less springy when compressed by the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) as the user applies pressure during the gait cycle. This is useful, for example, for providing stability and maintaining structure under the applied pressure. Conversely, thinner girths 152 provide softer material in the lattice 108 which is more compressible and springier when compressed by the foot 50 as the user applies pressure during the gait cycle. This is useful, for example, for providing spring when the user pushes off or removes pressure and for deforming to better absorb impact. Varying combinations of height H and girth 152 result in various amounts of padding, compressibility, softness, and stiffness which are appropriate for accommodating the foot 50 (shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) in the different zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 of the lattice 108 during different stages of the gait cycle.

More specifically, in the perimeter zone 200, the lattice 108 has a varying height H and laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 with relatively thick girths 152. The height H of the lattice 108 is higher at the heel portion 120 and lower at the toe portion 124 to promote natural rolling from the heel 54 to the toes 56 of the foot 50. The relatively thick girths 152 provide extra support to the outside of the user's foot 50 to keep the foot 50 aligned with the midsole 100. The laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the perimeter zone 200 have girths 152 in a range of, for example, approximately 4.5 to 5.5 millimeters.

In the calcaneus zone 204, the lattice 108 has a relatively high height H and laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 with relatively thick girths 152 to provide substantial padding with relatively stiff cushion to the calcaneus bone 68. This is useful to pad the calcaneus region 66 of the foot 50 when a user initially makes contact with the ground during gait because a force of the impact on the calcaneus bone 68 can be quite high during that event. The calcaneus zone 204 also should not be too soft so that the lattice 108 does not compress completely under the high force. The height H of the lattice 108 is, for example, two complete cell units 156 stacked on top of one another, or approximately 19 millimeters.

In the talus zone 208, the lattice 108 has a relatively high height H and laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 with relatively thin girths 152 to provide substantial padding with relatively soft cushion to the talus region 70 of the foot 50 during gait. The height H of the lattice 108 in the talus zone 208 is less than the height H of the lattice 108 in the calcaneus zone 204 to promote natural rolling from the heel 54 to the toes 56 of the foot 50. The height H is still sufficiently high to provide substantial cushion near the high force. The girths 152 are thin enough to provide softer cushioning and springiness as the user pushes off the heel 54 and begins to roll the foot 50 toward the arch 58. The laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the talus zone 208 have girths 152 of, for example, approximately 3 millimeters.

In the longitudinal arch zone 212, the lattice 108 has a moderate height H and laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 with relatively thick girths 152 to provide some padding with stiffer support to the longitudinal arch region 74 of the foot 50 during gait to reduce collapse of the arch 58 of the foot 50 as the user bears weight on the arch 58. The height H of the lattice 108 in the longitudinal arch zone 212 is, for example, slightly more than one cell unit 156 or approximately 14 millimeters. The laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the longitudinal arch zone 212 have girths 152 in a range of, for example, approximately 4.5 to 5.5 millimeters.

In the metatarsal zone 216, the lattice 108 has a moderate height H and laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 with moderately thick girths 152 to provide some padding with some support to the metatarsal region 82 of the foot 50 during gait. The height H of the lattice 108 in the metatarsal zone 216 is, for example, slightly less than the height H of the lattice 108 in the longitudinal arch zone 212 to promote natural rolling from the heel 54 to the toes 56 of the foot 50. The laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the metatarsal zone 216 have girths 152, for example, slightly thinner than the girths 152 of the laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the longitudinal arch zone 212.

In the ball of the foot zone 220, the lattice 108 has a relatively low height H and laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 with relatively thin girths 152 to provide relatively little padding with relatively soft cushion and relatively high springiness to the ball of the foot region 86 of the foot 50 during gait. The relatively low height H, compared to zones nearer to the heel portion 120 of the platform 104, promotes natural rolling from the heel 54 to the toes 56 of the foot 50 during the stages of gait by naturally guiding the foot 50 along a downward angle from the heel portion 120 toward the toe portion 124 of the platform 104. Additionally, the relatively low height H of the lattice 108 in the ball of the foot zone 220 provide less cushion than other zones because the ball of the foot region 86 of the foot 50 is naturally more padded than surrounding regions of the foot 50 and thus includes natural cushion to be compressed by the foot 50 during gait. The height H of the lattice 108 in the ball of the foot zone 220 is, for example, approximately 9 millimeters. The relatively thin girths 152 provide springiness as the user begins to push off the foot 50 during gait. The laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the ball of the foot zone 220 have girths 152 of, for example, approximately 3 millimeters.

In the toe zone 224, the lattice 108 has low height H and laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 with relatively thick girths 152 to provide little cushion and enough stiffness for the user to push off of during gait. The low height H promotes natural rolling toward the toes 56 of the foot 50 at the end of a gait cycle. The height H is sufficient to provide structure for the user to push off of at the end of a gait cycle. The height H of the lattice 108 in the toe zone 224 is in a range of, for example, approximately 3 to 5 millimeters. The relatively thick girths 152 also provide sufficient structure for the user to push off of at the end of a gait cycle. The laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the toe zone 224 have girths 152 of, for example, approximately 4.5 millimeters.

The arrangement of laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 and cell units 156 and incomplete cell units 184 within the zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 of the lattice 108 provide a midsole 100 that is able to be included in a shoe to provide comfort and utility for a user by accommodating the foot 50 during all stages of the gait cycle. The lattice 108 enables the midsole 100 to provide mechanical cushioning by deforming along the structure of the lattice 108, rather than just compressing, under the weight and applied pressure of the user. Further, the lattice 108 enables the midsole 100 to provide various types and amounts of cushioning to the various regions of the foot 50 due to differences in height H and girth 152 across the different zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 of the lattice 108. Accordingly, the midsole 100 provides three-dimensional zonal compression to a user during all stages of the gait cycle.

As shown in FIG. 10, in at least one exemplary embodiment, the midsole 100 is configured to be inserted into an outsole 300. By forming the midsole 100 as a single, unitary piece capable of being inserted into the outsole 300, it is possible to produce customized shoes. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the midsole 100 fits tightly within the outsole 300 such that the lattice 108 is visible through openings 304 formed in the outsole 300. The openings 304 provide visual access to the midsole 100 from outside the customized shoe.

As mentioned above, the platform 104 and the lattice 108 are integrally formed, and the lattice 108 is formed as a single, unitary piece. Accordingly, the entire midsole 100 is formed as a single, unitary piece. As used herein, the term “single, unitary piece” is intended to mean an indivisible part that is not joined together after being formed and cannot be disassembled without destruction of the part. To form the three-dimensional structure of the midsole 100, including the open crisscrossing structure of the lattice 108, as a single, unitary piece must be accomplished using a highly capable manufacturing technique. More specifically, the midsole 100 is not formed using injection molding processes and the midsole 100 does not include any indications of injection molding processes, including gate marks, sprue marks, parting line marks, and ejector pin marks. In this exemplary embodiment, the midsole 100 is formed using three-dimensional printing or selective laser sintering processes.

As is known in the art, three-dimensional printing and selective laser sintering processes are known as “additive processes” because they include progressively adding material to form the product. This is in contrast to manufacturing processes that start with a larger piece and progressively remove material to form the product. As shown in FIG. 11, the midsole 100 is formed using process 400. To form the midsole 100 using three-dimensional printing and selective laser sintering processes, the platform 104 and the lattice 108 are printed such that the first surface 112 of the platform 104 conforms to the foot 50 of the user (step 402) and the lattice 108 extends from the second surface 116 of the platform (step 404). Printing the lattice 108 includes printing the laths 136 and the incomplete laths 176 joined together at vertices 164 and incomplete vertices 180 to form cell units 156 and incomplete cell units 184. In at least one exemplary embodiment, the steps of the process are performed in reverse order. In at least one exemplary embodiment, the steps of the process are performed simultaneously.

By forming the midsole 100 with three-dimensional printing and selective laser sintering processes it is possible to form complex three-dimensional structures including undercuts and patterns of through holes, such as the crisscrossing structure of the lattice 108. Additionally, the lattice 108 and the platform 104 can be integrally formed of the same material in the same processing step. Because the midsole 100 is a single, unitary piece, the comfort and utility provided to the user can be accomplished with one piece instead of many. Accordingly, it is possible that the midsole 100 is less expensive to produce than a larger number of parts to be combined together to accomplish the same objective as the midsole 100.

In at least one exemplary embodiment, the midsole 100 is specifically configured to conform to a particular user's foot. As shown in FIG. 12, the midsole 100 of this exemplary embodiment is formed using a process 500. More specifically, measurements of a user's foot are taken (step 502), including shape and size as well as force and pressure distributions along the bottom of the foot during the stages of various gait cycles. These measurements are used to prepare a pattern for a complementary lattice 108 (step 504) with properties of the zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 and properties of the laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 and cell units 156 and incomplete cell units 184 within the zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224 determined by the user's individual characteristics. By way of example, if the user applies a great amount of pressure to the heel 54 of the foot 50 during initial contact with the ground during a gait cycle, the height H of the lattice 108 in the calcaneus zone 204 is increased to provide additional cushion. Similarly, by way of example, if the user's arch 58 tends to collapse inwardly while the user applies pressure during the gait cycle, the girths 152 of the laths 136 and incomplete laths 176 in the longitudinal arch zone 212 are increased to provide additional support and reduce compression. In this way, the midsole 100 is customizable and can be configured to provide custom support to the various regions of the foot 50 through each of the zones 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220, 224. Next the midsole 100 is formed using three-dimensional printing and selective laser sintering processes, the platform 104 and the lattice 108 are printed such that the first surface 112 of the platform 104 conforms to the foot 50 of the user (step 506) and the lattice 108 extends from the second surface 116 of the platform (step 508). Printing the lattice 108 includes printing the laths 136 and the incomplete laths 176 joined together at vertices 164 and incomplete vertices 180 to form cell units 156 and incomplete cell units 184. In at least one exemplary embodiment, steps 506 and 508 of the process are performed in reverse order. In at least one exemplary embodiment, steps 506 and 508 of the process are performed simultaneously. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of making a shoe comprising: printing a sole including: a platform having a toe portion, a heel portion, a medial portion, and a lateral portion, the platform having a first surface configured to face a sole of a foot of a wearer and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a lattice extending from the second surface of the platform, the lattice including a plurality of laths, each lath of the plurality of laths having a longitudinal structure with a longitudinal axis and two ends, the plurality of laths positioned in at least a first zone and a second zone, and each lath in the first zone having a girth that is substantially different from a girth of each lath in the second zone; and coupling the printed sole to an upper.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the lattice further includes a plurality of cell units, each cell unit of the plurality of cell units is defined by a plurality of faces, each face of the plurality of faces is defined by an area within a plane formed by a plurality of adjacent vertices, each vertex of the plurality of adjacent vertices is formed by an end of the two ends of a number of the laths of the plurality of laths joined together, and all cell units of the plurality of cell units have a substantially uniform volume extending to the longitudinal axes of the laths joined together at the adjacent vertices.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the lattice further includes a plurality of non-uniform partial cell units, each non-uniform partial cell unit is defined by at least two partial faces, each partial face of the at least two partial faces is defined by an area within a plane formed by at least one vertex and at least a portion of two laths of the plurality of laths joined together at the at least one vertex.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a portion of the vertices are formed by an end of four laths joined together.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein each cell unit abuts adjacent cell units such that the lattice has a regular repeating pattern.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein each cell unit is substantially shaped as a regular octahedron defined by a plurality of faces, each face of the plurality of faces defining an equilateral triangle having three sides and three vertices, each of said three sides defined by one of the plurality of laths.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the lattice extends from the toe portion to the heel portion and from the medial portion to the lateral portion.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first surface is contoured to match the sole of the foot of the wearer.
 9. A method of making a midsole for a shoe, the method comprising: printing a platform having a toe end, a heel end, an arch side, and an outward side, the platform having a first surface configured to face a sole of a foot of a wearer and a second surface opposite the first surface; and printing a lattice integrally formed with the second surface of the platform such that the platform and the lattice form a monolithic structure, the lattice including: a plurality of regions arranged relative to the toe end, the heel end, the arch side, and the outward side, the plurality of regions including at least a first region and a second region; and a plurality of cell units formed by a plurality of interconnected laths, wherein each of the cell units has a substantially uniform volume, wherein each lath of the plurality of laths has a longitudinal structure with a longitudinal axis and two ends and has a girth centered about its longitudinal axis, wherein the plurality of laths are arranged in the plurality of regions such that a first portion of laths is arranged within the first region and a second portion of laths is arranged within the second region, and wherein each lath in the first portion of laths has a first girth that is substantially different from a second girth of each lath in the second portion of laths.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein: the lattice further includes a transition area arranged between the first region and the second region, a transition portion of laths is arranged in the transition area, and girths of the laths in the transition portion of laths are gradations between the first girth and the second girth.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the lattice is formed as a single unitary part.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein: each cell unit of the plurality of cell units is defined by at least two faces, and each face of the at least two faces is defined by an area within a plane formed by at least one vertex and at least a portion of two longitudinal axes of two laths of the plurality of laths joined together at the at least one vertex.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein: at least a portion of the plurality of cell units are defined by a plurality of faces, each face of the plurality of faces is defined by an area within a plane formed by a plurality of adjacent vertices, each vertex of the plurality of adjacent vertices is formed by an end of the two ends of a number of laths of the plurality of laths joined together, and all of the cell units of the at least a portion of the plurality of cell units defined by a number of adjacent vertices of the plurality of vertices and extending to the longitudinal axes of the laths joined together at the adjacent vertices.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a portion of the vertices of the plurality of adjacent vertices is formed by an end of four laths joined together such that each cell unit is substantially shaped as an octahedron, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of adjacent vertices are shared by two adjacent cell units of the at least a portion of the plurality of cell units such that the at least a portion of the plurality of adjacent vertices are formed by an end of eight laths joined together such that two cell units substantially shaped as octahedrons are stacked on top of each other.
 15. A method of making a shoe comprising: printing a monolithic midsole having a platform and a lattice structure integrally formed with the platform by printing a first surface of the platform to conform to a sole of a foot of a user and printing the lattice structure on a second surface of the platform opposite the first surface of the platform, the lattice structure including a plurality of interconnected laths, each lath having a longitudinal structure with a longitudinal axis and two ends; and coupling the midsole to an outsole such that the lattice structure is substantially facing the outsole and the platform is substantially facing an upper.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: printing the lattice structure includes printing a plurality of laths joined together at a plurality of vertices so as to form a plurality of cell units defined by a number of adjacent vertices of the plurality of vertices and bordered by longitudinal axes of the laths joined together at the adjacent vertices, wherein each of the cell units has a substantially uniform volume, and wherein the plurality of laths are arranged in the plurality of regions such that a first portion of laths is arranged within the first region and a second portion of laths is arranged within the second region, and wherein each lath in the first portion of laths has a first girth that is substantially different from a second girth of each lath in the second portion of laths.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the lattice structure is printed before the platform.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the platform is printed before the lattice.
 19. The method of claim 15 wherein coupling the midsole to the outsole includes printing the outsole such that the midsole is integrally formed with the outsole.
 20. The method of claim 15 further comprising taking measurements of the foot of the user prior to printing the midsole, measurements of the foot of the user including shape and size as well as force and pressure distributions along a bottom of the foot during at least one gait cycle. 